Ahh shit. Those codes reference a potential problem with camshaft position sensor(s). I don't have any personal experience with this, but it makes me wonder if your timing belt jumped a tooth or two. I would be very concerned about trying to start/drive the car that way, considering that our engines are "interference" types (meaning that the pistons will hit the valves if they are open when the piston comes to top dead center). If you do drive it like this, I'd definitely baby it. If it's off just a little bit, you might be 'okay' until you put your foot down hard and the AVCS adjusts the valvetrain.
Being that you DID drive it without any obvious damage, I am led to believe these codes could be erroneous.
As for the starter (I don't know, but maybe the computer is preventing current from kicking the starter due to the error codes), the first thing that comes to mind is a relay/solenoid. I should know whether the STi uses a solenoid, but I do not.
That said, I am certain that there is an ignition relay that feeds high current to the starter. They are generally pretty cheap and are easy to replace. So that is a good troubleshooting option.
I would call your tuner and tell him what happened. He likely has more experience in this department than I do.
Lastly, did you clear the codes? If so, did they reappear later? I don't know if your code reader has the ability to clear codes/reset the ECU. If not, you can disconnect the positive battery terminal (wrap it in a plastic bag or a shop rag, so it doesn't slouch over and touch the battery post), get in the car and turn the key, press the horn and pump the brakes. Doing this for 10 seconds or so should drain any capacitive energy out of the electrical system. This resets the ECU.
Hopefully at this point, the starter will kick the engine over. Don't freak out, but it will take a ton of starter kicks to fire the engine after an ECU reset.
Let us know how it goes and what you find. :tup: